Cecile ALCH et al., Petitioners,
v.
SUPERIOR COURT of the State of California for the County of Los Angeles, Respondent.
Time Warner Entertainment Company et al., Real Parties in Interest.
No. B203726.
Court of Appeal, Second District,
Division 8.
Aug. 14, 2008.
Rehearing Denied Sept. 15, 2008.
Review Denied Oct. 28, 2008. *

        SUMMARY

        Television writers filed class action lawsuits against studios, networks, production companies and talent agencies, asserting an industry-wide pattern and practice of age discrimination. The writers served subpoenas on third parties, including the Writers Guild of America, seeking data on Writers Guild members from which they could prepare a statistical analysis to support their claims of age discrimination. A privacy notice was sent to 47,000 Writers Guild members, advising them of their right to object to disclosure of personal information on privacy grounds. Some 7,700 individuals filed objections. The writers moved to overrule the objections. The trial court sustained the objections in their entirety. The writers sought a writ directing the trial court to vacate its order and allow access to certain of the requested information, arguing the information was critical to proving their claims and privacy concerns were minimal. We grant the writ petition.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

        This is the latest, but not the last, chapter in a story that began in the year 2000, when a number of television writers filed a class action lawsuit in federal court against various networks, studios and talent agencies, alleging an industry-wide pattern or practice of age discrimination. It is unnecessary to recite the history of the litigation or the details of the current lawsuits, all of which are described in Alch v. Superior Court (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 339, 19 Cal.Rptr.3d 29 ( Alch ). Suffice it to say that the present litigation involves 23 separate class action lawsuits filed by hundreds of writers (writers or petitioners) against twelve different groups of related television networks, studios and production companies (the employers) and eleven talent agencies. The writers challenge the hiring practices of the employers, and the allegedly discriminatory representation and referral practices of the talent agencies. In addition to claiming disparate treatment on the basis of age, the writers allege the employers use facially neutral practices that have a disparate impact on older writers.

        At the time the writ petition now before us was filed, 13 of the lawsuits were assigned to Judge Wendell Mortimer, Jr., nine were assigned to Judge Emilie Elias, and one was assigned to Judge Anthony Mohr. The order now under review was issued by Judge Mortimer and governs the 13 cases in his court. However, the same questions are pending before Judge Elias and Judge Mohr, both of whom await this court's decision on Judge Mortimer's ruling.

        In the interim, Judge Mortimer has retired, and the cases in his court have been assigned to Judge Elias.

        The parties are in the discovery phase of the lawsuits. The writers (and several of the employers or agencies) served subpoenas upon a number of third parties, including the Writers Guild of America, West, Inc.; the Writers Guild of America, East, Inc.; the Producer-Writers Guild of America Pension Plan; the Writers' Guild-Industry Health Fund (collectively, Writers Guild); and four payroll companies used by some of the employers. The subpoenas sought documents including information the writers assert is necessary for statistical analyses of the hiring and representation practices of the employers and talent agencies. The writers intend to compare the age composition of writers actually employed by the networks and studios with the age composition of writers deemed qualified, available and interested in television writing positions, “as best as the latter can be approximated.” This information cannot be obtained from applicant records of the employers, both because the employers and agencies did not systematically maintain such records and because the writers claim that older writers were deterred from seeking employment or representation. The writers claim the best approximation of the pool of qualified, available and interested writers is based on Writers Guild membership, refined to eliminate categories of writers likely not to be qualified, interested or available for television writing positions. 1

        The subpoenas served by the writers sought personal information about Writers Guild members, including demographic information (date of birth, race, gender); employment and agency representation records (employment contracts, internal memoranda, correspondence, and e-mail); earnings records; employment application records (resumes, scripts, and other pitch materials); writing qualifications (“script coverage” and other critiques of work submitted); and health and disability records regarding employability. Because the requested information necessarily implicated the privacy rights of nonparty writers, the parties negotiated (and the three judges eventually approved) an order governing notice to all persons whose records were encompassed within the subpoenaed information. The order included a form of privacy notice, an objection form on which recipients could object to the disclosure of all or specific categories of information, and a list of frequently asked questions and corresponding answers. The notice advised recipients that a motion could be filed to overrule any objection. It also advised that a court order would restrict use of and access to the requested records, which would be made available only in connection with the litigation. (The parties had previously agreed to, and the three judges approved, a protective order applicable to all discovery in all the cases.)

        The privacy notice was sent to approximately 47,000 individuals whose information was contained in the databases of the subpoenaed third parties. Of this number, some 7,700 recipients objected to the disclosure of some or all of the requested information. 2 The objectors were then sent a second notice, telling them that the writers intended to move to overrule their objections, and advising them of their rights to respond to the writers' motion in writing and at a hearing.

        On June 29, 2007, the writers filed a motion “to Modify Protective Order and Partially Overrule Objections to Disclosure of Personal Information.” In this motion, the writers conceded the court should uphold the objections as to health and medical records, but argued the court should otherwise overrule the objections. The writers also suggested further enhancements to the existing protective order, including a requirement that all information about identifiable writers (other than petitioners) be treated as “attorneys' eyes only” (the highest level of protection). About 75 of the objectors submitted written oppositions to the motion, as did various employers and agencies.

        The parties in all the lawsuits agreed to a joint hearing before the three judges in which objectors could present oral opposition to the writers' motion. Five lawyers appeared at the hearing on September 17, 2007, on behalf of various objectors, and several objectors appeared representing themselves. Each judge then heard separate argument from counsel the following day. On September 19, 2007, Judge Mortimer denied the writers' motion to overrule the objections, sustaining the objections in their entirety. The court stated, inter alia:

• A major issue existed “as to the probative value and usefulness of the desired information.” The court referred to the employers' argument that “the end result of the information gathering will not prove anything, and that the information will be flawed,” and posed questions as to how those who have no current desire to write for television could be eliminated from the data, and how those who want to write for television but have no credits to date (and are thus not Writers Guild members) could be included. The court referred to the writers' proposal to use a third-party neutral expert to eliminate non-television writers from the databases before production, but stated this “may be an impossible task and merely allows another opportunity for the information to be leaked.” However, the court said it would “not decide at this time whether or not the desired discovery is calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence,” instead noting the issues just described.• While there was “a strong protective order already in place to protect the information sought,” no protective order could “assure that all produced information will remain outside the public domain.” The court further observed that “[b]oth sides agree that the individuals' names would need to be disclosed and that there is no practical way to redact the names from all the documents.”

• Social security numbers might be necessary in some cases to verify validity of information, and “[t]his, of course, raises another concern, that of identify theft.” And, if access to the requested information were allowed, both parties might want to investigate further, including talking to the individuals and others; “[a]n inevitable result is that they could potentially be seen as cooperating with or aligning themselves with the plaintiffs against the defendants,” the latter of whom “are their actual or potential agents and past or future employers”; this “could affect their viability in the marketplace.”

• “The over 7,700 objectors do not ask for, or want, any part of this lawsuit. They merely want to be left alone.”

• The objectors' privacy rights outweighed the public interest in pursuing the litigation. “[N]ot only do we have many personal privacy concerns protected by the Constitution, [but also] the state has an interest in protecting its citizens against fraud and identify theft.” And, the 175 individual plaintiffs had “other avenues of proof” open to them, as “plaintiffs have stated that they may still be able to put together a meaningful statistical study based upon information from non-objectors.”

        The court also observed that it would need further briefing and a hearing “[b]efore ‘private’ information is obtained concerning those who did not respond to the privacy notice....”

        The writers moved for “clarification and/or reconsideration” of Judge Mortimer's order, to the extent the order protected “four discrete categories of information” from disclosure. Those categories included (1) date of birth and other basic demographic data, and (2) employment data such as a writer's employer, job title, credits and dates of employment; in addition, the writers sought (3) “a link for the multiple databases” containing the demographic and employment history information, as well as (4) two types of anecdotal evidence of discrimination against class members: documents containing words or phrases indicating age was a consideration in hiring and documents containing lists of or references to preferred writers. This information, the writers contended, was the bare minimum necessary to litigate their claims of systemic practices of age discrimination. They argued these discrete categories of information were either publicly available, albeit at great cost in time, or not especially sensitive private information. Judge Mortimer denied the motion.

        The writers petitioned for a writ of mandate directing the court to vacate its order and issue a new order permitting access to specified information concerning the objectors. We issued an alternative writ, and the matter was set for hearing on our order to show cause. Two returns were filed on behalf of various employers and talent agencies (collectively, real parties), and others filed joinders to those returns. We permitted the filing of a brief on behalf of 13 of the non-party objectors (the Wolf objectors). We also allowed an amicus brief in support of real parties from NBC Universal, Inc. and other defendants in one of the cases pending before Judge Elias, as well as an amicus brief in support of the writers by The Impact Fund and several other entities involved in civil rights and public interest advocacy. We now grant the writ. 3

        DISCUSSION

        The question in this case is whether the trial court acted beyond its discretion when it sustained all objections of third parties to the disclosure of subpoenaed information on privacy grounds. We conclude it did. We first outline the basis for our conclusion, then describe the applicable legal principles, and finally discuss in more detail the application of the relevant principles to the circumstances of this case.

        A. Summary of conclusions.

        We are well aware that a reviewing court may not substitute its opinion for that of the trial court if there is a basis, supported by the evidence, for the trial court's ruling, and that we may set aside an order denying discovery only if there was no legal justification for the order. ( Tien v. Superior Court (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 528, 535, 43 Cal.Rptr.3d 121.) We also recognize that the trial court was faced, to some extent, with a moving target: the information initially subpoenaed was more comprehensive-and considerably more sensitive on the privacy scale-than the information the writers requested in their motion to overrule the objections, and the latter, too, was more inclusive than the information ultimately sought when the writers asked for reconsideration. 4 These differences, however, highlight the error in the trial court's analysis. It used a broad brush to deny the writers access to all data about the objectors out of hand, and wholly failed to consider whether a more nuanced approach to the different categories of data would satisfy the balance that must be struck between privacy interests and a litigant's need for discovery. (See Valley Bank of Nevada v. Superior Court (1975) 15 Cal.3d 652, 658, 125 Cal.Rptr. 553, 542 P.2d 977 ( Valley Bank ) [considerations which will affect the exercise of the trial court's discretion in evaluating privacy claims include the “ ‘ability of the court to make an alternative order which may grant partial disclosure’ ”; where possible, “ ‘courts should impose partial limitations rather than outright denial of discovery’ ”].)

        In short, while the trial court purported to weigh the objectors' privacy rights against the public interest in pursuing the litigation, it failed to follow the dictates of Valley Bank in doing so. In addition to failing to analyze the different categories of data requested, the court gave short shrift to “the public interest in pursuing [the] litigation.” Indeed, it erroneously stated that the writers, in their brief, had indicated “that they may still be able to put together a meaningful statistical study based upon information from non-objectors.” On the contrary, the writers submitted evidence that no meaningful statistical study could take place if data from the objectors were omitted from it. Under these circumstances, we can reach no other conclusion than that the trial court's orders denying access to any and all data from the objectors were without legal justification. 5

B. The legal principles.

        The principles governing the intersection of the right to privacy under the California Constitution and a civil litigant's right to discovery have been discussed in several cases. But none of the precedents involves circumstances comparable to those in this case. A number of cases involve situations in which the privacy rights of a party to litigation conflict with the other party's discovery rights. And, the Supreme Court has concluded that third-party contact information-name, address, and phone number-may appropriately be given to civil litigants when the third parties are given an opportunity to object to the disclosure of their contact information. ( Pioneer Electronics (USA), Inc. v. Superior Court (2007) 40 Cal.4th 360, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198 ( Pioneer ).) This case, however, requires us to take the next step, and to determine whether it is appropriate to require the disclosure of personal information-beyond contact information-to civil litigants over the objections of the individuals whose information is sought. Our decision is guided by the principles summarized in Pioneer and announced in Hill v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633 ( Hill ), which delineates the elements of a cause of action for invasion of the state constitutional right to privacy, and Valley Bank, supra, 15 Cal.3d at pp. 657-658, 125 Cal.Rptr. 553, 542 P.2d 977, which noted that, “ ‘[i]n order to facilitate the ascertainment of truth and the just resolution of legal claims, the state clearly exerts a justifiable interest in requiring a businessman to disclose communications, confidential or otherwise, relevant to pending litigation.’ ” We review the pertinent principles.

• As subsequent cases have confirmed, discovery orders implicating privacy rights are evaluated under the framework established in Hill, and reiterated in Pioneer, supra, 40 Cal.4th at pp. 370-371, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198. First, the privacy claimant must possess a legally protected privacy interest, of which there are two general types, autonomy privacy (the interest in making intimate personal decisions or conducting personal activities without observation, intrusion or interference) and informational privacy. Informational privacy-the form at issue in this case-is the interest “in precluding the dissemination or misuse of sensitive and confidential information.” ( Hill, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 35, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633.) Information in this class is deemed private “when well-established social norms recognize the need to maximize individual control over its dissemination and use to prevent unjustified embarrassment or indignity.” ( Ibid.) Second, the privacy claimant must have a reasonable expectation of privacy under the specific circumstances, including “customs, practices, and physical settings surrounding particular activities [which] may create or inhibit reasonable expectations of privacy.” ( Id. at p. 36, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633.) Third, actionable invasions of privacy “must be sufficiently serious in their nature, scope and actual or potential impact to constitute an egregious breach of the social norms underlying the privacy right.” ( Id. at p. 37, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633.) Finally, if the three criteria for invasion of a privacy interest exist-a legally protected privacy interest, a reasonable expectation of privacy under the particular circumstances, and a serious invasion of the interest-then the privacy interest “must be measured against other competing or countervailing interests in a ‘ “balancing test.” ’ ” 6 ( Pioneer, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 371, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198, quoting Hill, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 37, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633.) Pioneer explained:

“ ‘Conduct alleged to be an invasion of privacy is to be evaluated based on the extent to which it furthers legitimate and important competing interests.’ [Citation.] Protective measures, safeguards and other alternatives may minimize the privacy intrusion. ‘For example, if intrusion is limited and confidential information is carefully shielded from disclosure except to those who have a legitimate need to know, privacy concerns are assuaged.’ [Citation.]” ( Pioneer, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 371 [53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198], quoting Hill, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 38, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633.)

• In Pioneer, the Supreme Court considered the extent to which California's constitutional right to privacy protected purchasers of possibly defective DVD players, who had already complained to the seller, “from having their identifying information disclosed to plaintiff during civil discovery proceedings in a consumers' rights class action against the seller.” (40 Cal.4th at p. 363, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198.) The court concluded that the trial court's order-which required written notice of the proposed disclosure to all complaining customers, and gave them the opportunity to object to the release of their own identifying information-involved no serious invasion of privacy. The court observed that the disclosure “involves no revelation of personal or business secrets, intimate activities, or similar private information, and threatens no undue intrusion into one's personal life, such as mass-marketing efforts or unsolicited sales pitches.” ( Id. at p. 373, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198.) The court observed that its conclusion there was no serious invasion of privacy “could end our inquiry” without any balancing of interests, but it proceeded to examine the respective interests involved, reinforcing its conclusion that the trial court's order was not an abuse of discretion. ( Ibid.)

• In Valley Bank, supra, a case predating Hill, the Supreme Court engaged in “a careful balancing of the right of civil litigants to discover relevant facts, on the one hand, with the right of bank customers to maintain reasonable privacy regarding their financial affairs, on the other.” ( Valley Bank, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 657, 125 Cal.Rptr. 553, 542 P.2d 977.) The court, “[s]triking a balance between the competing considerations,” concluded that before a bank could disclose private information, it was required to notify the customer of the proceedings and give him a fair opportunity to assert his interests “by objecting to disclosure, by seeking an appropriate protective order, or by instituting other legal proceedings to limit the scope or nature of the matters sought to be discovered.” ( Id. at p. 658, 125 Cal.Rptr. 553, 542 P.2d 977.) In the course of its discussion, the court observed that “we readily acknowledge that relevant bank customer information should not be wholly privileged and insulated from scrutiny by civil litigants.” ( Id. at p. 657, 125 Cal.Rptr. 553, 542 P.2d 977.)

• The parties in this case agree that, in the discovery context-and assuming a serious invasion of a privacy interest has been established-the writers must show they have a “compelling need” for the data requested, and they may do so by showing the information is “directly relevant” and “essential to the fair resolution” of the lawsuit. ( Britt v. Superior Court (1978) 20 Cal.3d 844, 848, 859, 143 Cal.Rptr. 695, 574 P.2d 766 ( Britt ) [defendants sought discovery of “extensive and intimate details of both [plaintiffs'] own and others' activities in various local political associations”; a trial court could properly compel disclosure only if “such associational activities are directly relevant to the plaintiff's claim, and disclosure of the plaintiff's affiliations is essential to the fair resolution of the lawsuit”]; Save Open Space Santa Monica Mountains v. Superior Court (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 235, 252, 100 Cal.Rptr.2d 725 ( Save Open Space ) [case involving associational privacy rights of third parties; right of associational privacy is not absolute, but party seeking discovery of private matters “must do more than satisfy the relevancy standard”; party is required to demonstrate a compelling need for the discovery, and the “ ‘compelling need must be so strong as to outweigh the privacy right when these two compelling interests are carefully balanced’ ”].)

• In evaluating privacy claims, “considerations which, among others, will affect the exercise of the trial court's discretion” include “ ‘the purpose of the information sought, the effect that disclosure will have on the parties and on the trial, the nature of the objections urged by the party resisting disclosure, and ability of the court to make an alternative order which may grant partial disclosure, disclosure in another form, or disclosure only in the event that the party seeking the information undertakes certain specified burdens which appear just under the circumstances.’ ” ( Valley Bank, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 658, 125 Cal.Rptr. 553, 542 P.2d 977; see also Schnabel v. Superior Court (1993) 5 Cal.4th 704, 714, 21 Cal.Rptr.2d 200, 854 P.2d 1117 ( Schnabel ) [in weighing the privacy interests of a third party in a marital dissolution proceeding, “the court should consider the nature of the information sought, its inherent intrusiveness, and any specific showing of a need for privacy, including any specific harm that disclosure of the information might cause”]; Puerto v. Superior Court (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 1242, 1251, 70 Cal.Rptr.3d 701 ( Puerto ) [if there is a reasonable expectation of privacy and the invasion of privacy is serious, “then the court must balance the privacy interest at stake against other competing or countervailing interests, which include the interest of the requesting party, fairness to the litigants in conducting the litigation, and the consequences of granting or restricting access to the information”]; Save Open Space, supra, 84 Cal.App.4th at p. 253, 100 Cal.Rptr.2d 725 [“ ‘strength of an individual's interest in keeping personal information private depends in large part on the consequences of disclosure’ ”].)

        C. The issues presented in this case.

        We emphasize that our decision addresses the information identified in the writ petition. With respect to those information requests-described in the writ petition and in the writers' motion to the trial court for reconsideration-the trial court erred in refusing to overrule the objections on privacy grounds. 7 To be clear, we delineate in the margin the data categories at issue, which consist of demographic and work history information. 8 The data requested does not include medical and disability records, and does not include financial earnings records.

        Our overall conclusion as to the data requested is that a serious invasion of a reasonable expectation of privacy was established under the Hill and Pioneer criteria, requiring the privacy invasion to “ ‘be evaluated based on the extent to which it furthers legitimate and important competing interests.’ ” ( Pioneer, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 371, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198, quoting Hill, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 38, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633.) We further conclude, however, that the writers demonstrated that the information requested is “directly relevant” to their claims and “essential to the fair resolution” of their lawsuit. (See Britt, supra, 20 Cal.3d at p. 859, 143 Cal.Rptr. 695, 574 P.2d 766.) And finally, the trial court erred in its purported balancing of the privacy rights of the objectors and the countervailing interests of the litigants and the state, failing to analyze the types of information requested, failing to consider the state's interest in preventing discrimination, and erroneously concluding the writers could proceed with a statistical analysis without information from the objectors. We discuss each of these points in turn.

1. The criteria for invasion of a privacy interest were established.

        As a preliminary matter, the writers claim their data requests, as now formulated, do not require the court to balance the privacy interests of the objectors against the discovery interests of the writers, because there is no serious invasion of a privacy interest. ( Pioneer, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 371, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198; Hill, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 37, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633.) We agree that the data requests no longer include the more sensitive items, and we are cognizant that in Hill's words, the invasion of privacy must be “sufficiently serious in [its] nature, scope, and actual or potential impact to constitute an egregious breach of the social norms underlying the privacy right.” ( Hill, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 37, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633.) Nonetheless, even with the omission of the patently sensitive items such as medical and financial records, the data requests include 14 or 15 different items of information for each Writers Guild member. This agglomeration of information, including as it does name and work history information, goes well beyond the information disclosures that courts have found do not amount to serious invasions of privacy. (See Pioneer, supra, 40 Cal.4th at pp. 372-373, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198; Puerto, supra, 158 Cal.App.4th at p. 1253, 70 Cal.Rptr.3d 701.) Indeed, the writers' own reliance on the existing protective order to assuage privacy concerns demonstrates that those concerns exist. A protective order is a safeguard for the protection of information admittedly subject to privacy concerns. Accordingly, while we think the degree of sensitivity of the information to be disclosed may properly be considered when the court balances the competing interests, we conclude that the data requests are an invasion of privacy which must “ ‘be evaluated based on the extent to which it furthers legitimate and important competing interests.’ ” ( Pioneer, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 371, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198, quoting Hill, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 38, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633.)

        2. The writers demonstrated that the requested information is directly relevant to their claims and essential to the fair resolution of these lawsuits.

        We entertain no doubt that the writers have demonstrated that the information requested is “directly relevant” to their claims and “essential to the fair resolution” of their lawsuit. (See Britt, supra, 20 Cal.3d at p. 859, 143 Cal.Rptr. 695, 574 P.2d 766.) The writers have alleged both claims of disparate treatment (a pattern and practice of intentional discrimination), and “disparate impact” claims based on employment practices that are facially neutral but have a disparate impact on older writers. 9 Statistical proof is indispensable in a disparate impact case:

“ ‘The plaintiff must begin by identifying the specific employment practice that is challenged,’.... ‘Once the employment practice at issue has been identified, causation must be proved; that is, the plaintiff must offer statistical evidence of a kind and degree sufficient to show that the practice in question has caused the exclusion of applicants for jobs or promotions because of their membership in a protected group.’ ” ( Carter v. CB Richard Ellis, Inc. (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1313, 1323-1324 [19 Cal.Rptr.3d 519], quoting Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust (1988) 487 U.S. 977, 994, 108 S.Ct. 2777, 101 L.Ed.2d 827.)

The writers cannot prove their disparate impact claims without access to evidence from which they can perform a statistical analysis. And while, at least in theory, a pattern and practice of discrimination (the disparate treatment claim) may be established without statistical evidence, plaintiffs “normally seek to establish a pattern or practice of discriminatory intent by combining statistical and nonstatistical evidence, the latter most commonly consisting of anecdotal evidence of individual instances of discriminatory treatment.” (1 Lindemann & Grossman, Employment Discrimination Law (3d ed.1996) p. 45.) Consequently, we find the conclusion is virtually inescapable that the writers have a “compelling need” for the information they have sought, which is clearly “directly relevant” to their claims and “essential to the fair resolution” of their lawsuit.

        The employers and agencies resist this conclusion with one principal argument. They contend that in order to establish a compelling need for the data, the writers must first prove that, if access is provided, they will be able to “turn the massive amount of requested data into admissible evidence.” Absent such proof, they say, the writers are merely speculating that the data can be transformed into admissible evidence. Ergo, the writers have not shown the data is “directly relevant” and “essential” to the fair resolution of the lawsuit. Specifically, the real parties' argument proceeds this way:

1) A valid statistical analysis must compare the ages of persons actually hired or represented, and the ages of individuals who were qualified, interested, and available to be hired or represented.

2) Writers seek to create a so-called “proxy pool” 10 of qualified, interested and available writers based on the subpoenaed data of Writers Guild members.

3) The data requested is “inherently flawed” because it is “massively over and underinclusive” of writers actually qualified, interested, and available to write for television. It is overinclusive because it will include not just television writers, but writers in other genres (feature film, radio, theater, and so on) who have no interest in or qualifications for writing for television, and it is underinclusive because it will omit writers who are interested and qualified but who are not Writers Guild members.

4) Writers “never credibly explained or presented any evidence” as to how these flaws would be surmounted; the writers' contentions they could surmount the problems “are simply not evidence.” 11

        Real parties' argument is, in effect, a claim that, because privacy interests are involved, the writers must prove that the data they seek will prove their case before they may have access to the data. But there is no support in law, or in logic, for this claim. First, we are aware of no precedent, and the employers and agencies cite none, for the proposition that a statistical study must be proved valid in advance of its performance simply because the underlying data is subject to privacy claims. Indeed, we know of no principle requiring subpoenaed information to be proved “admissible” in advance of its production. Second, such a rule would be wholly impractical and unreasonable in the context of class action litigation requiring complex statistical analysis. At this stage of the discovery process, uncertainty is inevitable about the “kind and character” of data contained in the multiple databases that have been subpoenaed from multiple third parties. Some information in the databases doubtless will be, in the end, irrelevant or unusable for any number of reasons, including the subject's lack of interest or availability for television writing. But that does not mean that the overall body of information subpoenaed-demographic and work history information of Writers Guild members-is not directly relevant and essential to the writers' case.

        The writers acknowledge that they cannot, at this stage, identify precisely how their expert will attempt to distinguish potential applicants for employment from persons in the data who are not potential applicants. 12 They cannot do so until after data discovery, and discovery on the employers' hiring policies, has occurred. The writers “can state only that their expert will consider the data, policy statements and labor economic theories.” As the writers' expert Madden explained: “I cannot determine the specific characteristics or qualifications that should be included in the analyses of whether age affects hire until I have reviewed the data and the hiring policies and practices.” Madden did not have a complete list of all items in the relevant databases, “let alone information on which of these items contain reliable information for the majority or for all of the writers. Therefore, I cannot even know which characteristics the databases will allow me to consider.” 13 In short, we cannot accept the notion that information is not “directly relevant” or “essential” unless proof is first produced as to how anticipated (and acknowledged) problems in the data will be controlled for or remedied. Statistical analysis in complex cases cannot be perfect; distinctions and adjustments are made as the data may allow. Certainly it is possible that, in the end, the statistical analysis presented by the writers and their expert witnesses will be flawed, or will not show what they hope it will show. But the contrary is also possible, and the answer cannot be known until both the data and information on specific hiring practices is available for analysis. While the employers and agencies pose a laundry list of questions about how the writers will account for various qualifications and restrictions they say must be factored into a proposed proxy pool, this is not the time for those questions. The time for those questions is after the writers have assessed the data available and have constructed their statistical analysis, which they cannot do absent the data they seek. 14 We note that the real parties have adduced no evidence that a viable statistical analysis cannot be done, instead relying solely on their claim that the writers must prove it can be done before they may have access to the data. But this court is in no position to conclude-nor was the trial court (nor did it do so)-that the writers will be unable to construct a statistical showing that is both admissible and persuasive. The idea that they must prove they can do so, before they have a complete picture of the data available for the analysis, is a proposition unsupported by either precedent or common sense.

3. The trial court abused its discretion when it concluded the writers' need for data to prove their case was outweighed by the objectors' privacy interests.

        As we have seen, the objectors have serious privacy concerns, but at the same time, the writers have shown that the data they seek is essential to the fair resolution of their lawsuit. Accordingly, as Hill and Pioneer make clear, the trial court was required to evaluate the invasion of the objectors' privacy “based on the extent to which it furthers legitimate and important competing interests.” ( Hill, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 38, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633.) Valley Bank listed a number of considerations that would affect the exercise of the trial court's discretion in evaluating privacy claims.

        ( Valley Bank, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 658, 125 Cal.Rptr. 553, 542 P.2d 977.)

        In this case, the trial court refused to require the production of any of the objectors' information, without regard to the strength of the privacy interest in the particular category of data. This failure ignores the teaching of Valley Bank, which requires the court to consider its “ability ... to make an alternative order which may grant partial disclosure,” and which expressly stated that, “[w]here it is possible to do so, ‘... the courts should impose partial limitations rather than outright denial of discovery.’ ” ( Ibid.) The court's wholesale denial of access to the objectors' information was thus necessarily an abuse of discretion. The court also failed to consider the effect that denial of access to the data would have on the writers' ability to prove their claims, indeed, erroneously stating the writers had suggested they can make a statistical case without the objectors' information. It did not consider the “ ‘nature of the objections urged by the party resisting disclosure’ ” ( Ibid.), or the consequences to the objectors of disclosure of the different categories of information 15 ( Save Open Space, supra, 84 Cal.App.4th at p. 253, 100 Cal.Rptr.2d 725), except to raise the specter of identity theft. And, it failed to give any real consideration to the effect of the protective order in assuaging the privacy concerns. We address the major categories of information sought by the writers, along with the errors in the trial court's analysis.

a. Work history information.

        The most sensitive category of data the writers now request is the work history information. Even here, however, the data sought is not of the kind involved in cases refusing to permit the disclosure of third party personnel files, and, in contrast to those cases, here the writers have shown a compelling need for the information. For example, in Harding Lawson Associates v. Superior Court (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 7, 12 Cal.Rptr.2d 538 ( Harding Lawson ), the court concluded that the trial court's discovery order was overbroad and unjustified, “[t]o the extent the court's discovery order required production of confidential information contained in personnel files of employees other than [plaintiff].” ( Id. at p. 10, 12 Cal.Rptr.2d 538.) The court observed that the plaintiff “has not shown a compelling need for particular confidential documents in third party personnel files or that the information could not be obtained through depositions or from nonconfidential sources.” ( Ibid.; see also Board of Trustees v. Superior Court (1981) 119 Cal.App.3d 516, 526, 174 Cal.Rptr. 160 ( Board of Trustees ) [university's personnel, tenure and promotion files relating to a defendant faculty member had no direct relevance to plaintiff's defamation action; plaintiff “merely argues that such disclosure might lead to the required proof of malice of one or more of the several defendants”].)

        This case is entirely different from either of Harding Lawson or Board of Trustees. First, the data sought includes the identity of the person's employer and talent agency representative, job title, period of employment, the productions on which he or she worked, his or her credits and awards, and so on. (See footnote 8, ante.) The writers no longer seek other sensitive information ordinarily found in personnel files, such as evaluation of the person's work (script coverages and other critiques), income information, employment contracts and the like. Moreover, as the Supreme Court observed in Hill, “customs, practices, and physical settings surrounding particular activities may create or inhibit reasonable expectations of privacy.” ( Hill, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 36, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633.) In the context of screenwriting activity, it is difficult to see how or why a writer might expect the identity of a studio or production company employing him or her to remain confidential, and the same is true of other work history information such as the productions on which a writer has worked, credits and awards and the like. Indeed, some of the information can be retrieved through internet searches, albeit with an impractical investment of time when tens of thousands of persons are involved. 16 Consequently, we do not see why these work history records, which do not include evaluative materials, would be considered especially sensitive, under the particular circumstances. 17 And, the trial court identified no untoward consequences of the disclosure of work history information of the type now sought. 18 The information is essential to the resolution of the writers' claims of industry-wide discrimination; it will be subject to a comprehensive protective order which all the parties agree is, and the trial court described as, “strong”; and it involves “no revelation of personal or business secrets, intimate activities, or similar private information, and threatens no undue intrusion into one's personal life....” ( Pioneer, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 373, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198.) Under these circumstances, the trial court abused its discretion in not permitting access to work history data.

b. Demographic information.

        The other major category of data requested was demographic information, including (a) name, (b) date of birth, (c) date of death (if applicable), (d) gender, (e) race, and (f) residential zip code. Again, the court failed to consider any of the factors it should have considered in assessing the strength of the objectors' privacy concerns, and in comparing those concerns with the consequences to the litigants of refusing access to the data. ( Valley Bank, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 658, 125 Cal.Rptr. 553, 542 P.2d 977.) It did not consider the “ ‘nature of the objections urged by the party resisting disclosure’ ” ( Valley Bank, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 658, 125 Cal.Rptr. 553, 542 P.2d 977), and it did not consider “the consequences of granting or restricting access to the information....” ( Puerto, supra, 158 Cal.App.4th at p. 1251, 70 Cal.Rptr.3d 701.) Instead, the court merely observed that some of the objectors “felt so strongly about objecting” that they hired attorneys or personally appeared; some were well-known individuals; and “[a]lthough their reasons and their concerns differ,” their objections were all grounded in their right to privacy. But, had the trial court assessed the nature of the objections in relation to the categories of information initially sought, it would have found, for example, that the “well-known individuals”-presumably the Wolf objectors-were concerned about financial, medical, and evaluative information, none of which are sought in this writ petition, and none of which were sought in the writers' motion to the trial court for reconsideration. Indeed, in their brief to this court, the Wolf objectors define “private information” to exclude demographic information. 19

        In short, while the demographic data is personal information, it is hardly sensitive information. 20 (See Puerto, supra, 158 Cal.App.4th at p. 1253, 70 Cal.Rptr.3d 701 [contact information “while personal, is not particularly sensitive, as it is ... not medical or financial details, political affiliations, sexual relationships, or personnel information”].) And, on the other hand, demographic information is obviously critical to any statistical analysis. Dates of birth, for example, are patently essential to an age discrimination case. 21 All the factors we have identified as weighing in favor of disclosure with respect to the work history information apply with respect to the demographic information: the consequences of nondisclosure are dire for the writers' case, while the consequences of disclosure for the objectors are relatively inconsequential, particularly in view of the existence of a strong protective order limiting access to the information. The only point cited by the trial court that marginally relates to the consequences of disclosure of demographic information is the interest in preventing identity theft, and that was raised in connection with social security numbers (which are not sought by the writers and are discussed post ). So, we again think it plain that the trial court abused its discretion in sustaining the objections to disclosure of demographic information.

        We note a few comments concerning the remaining items the writers seek.

• The petitioners seek to use a “unique identifier” for each Writers Guild member, so that the multiple databases containing different items of the requested information can be linked by their experts. The petitioners concede that social security numbers are sensitive private information. However, when the privacy notice was sent to all Writers Guild members, the databases from eight different entities-with names, social security numbers and contact information-were given to a neutral contractor, who replaced the social security number with the same random number each time the social security number appeared. The writers proposed using the same system, so that only the neutral contractor would have access to social security numbers. Nonetheless, the trial court stated that the writers had “candidly admit[ted] that Social Security numbers may be necessary in some cases to verify validity of information,” and that “[t]his, of course, raises another concern, that of identity theft.” 22 Again, the trial court appears simply to have ignored completely the existence of protective measures and safeguards commonly used to assuage privacy concerns (see Pioneer, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 371, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198[“[p]rotective measures, safeguards and other alternatives may minimize the privacy intrusion”] ), including a known administrative method of avoiding production of social security numbers to the litigants.

• In addition to the work history and demographic data, the writers' motion to the trial court for reconsideration identified two types of anecdotal information they say is critical to their lawsuits: (a) documents containing words or phrases that might indicate that age was a consideration in hiring decisions; and (b) documents consisting of or containing lists of or references to preferred writers. The trial court did not directly address this document request. However, the writers state that, by treating the objectors' names as private information, the trial court's order has the effect of requiring real parties to withhold from production documents in the two requested categories-those with age-based comments and references to preferred writers-if they contain any names (except names of petitioners or of persons known not to be objectors). Similarly, petitioners would be unable to ask deposition questions concerning incidents involving anyone other than themselves “for fear it would disclose information about an objector.” The real parties do not address this aspect of the writers' information requests and, given our ruling that it was error to deny the writers access to the objectors' names along with the other demographic information, we need not linger long on the point. It is clear, however, that to establish a pattern and practice claim, the writers have a compelling need for precisely this kind of document, which would be directly relevant to proving intentional discrimination. 23 Moreover, beyond names, documents containing age-based comments and lists of preferred writers will not necessarily contain any private information about the subjects of those documents. To the extent such documents do contain information implicating privacy concerns, redaction procedures and other remedies may be employed to resolve those concerns on a case-by-case basis.

c. Other considerations in the balancing process.

        A few more observations about the trial court's analysis in this case may be useful.

        First, as we have concluded, the court's analysis was fundamentally flawed because it failed to consider the significant differences in privacy concerns attaching to different categories of information, and consequently failed to consider the possibility of requiring partial disclosure rather than denying discovery outright. The court's error may have been generated in part by its apparent failure to give any consideration to the significance of the state's interest in preventing invidious forms of discrimination. The court's decision, as it should, describes the constitutional right to privacy in considerable detail, and then states that those rights outweigh the public interest in pursuing this litigation. But the court does not describe “the public interest in pursuing this litigation.” Instead, it returns to the “many personal privacy concerns protected by the Constitution” and points to the state's interest “in protecting its citizens against fraud and identity theft.” The omission of any reference to the nature of the public interest in this case is, we think, telling. These are putative class actions alleging an industry-wide pattern and practice of age discrimination. The state has an interest in the ascertainment of truth in all legal proceedings in its courts. This interest is accentuated in cases of discrimination, as California unquestionably “has a legitimate and compelling state interest generally in the battle against discrimination on the basis of race, gender, age, national origin, or other invidious categories of discrimination.” ( Pacific-Union Club v. Superior Court (1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 60, 79, 283 Cal.Rptr. 287; see Department of Fair Employment & Housing v. Superior Court (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 896, 905, 121 Cal.Rptr.2d 615 [state's compelling interest in protecting against discrimination by marital status outweighs intrusion on the privacy of third party tenants and applicants that might result from disclosure of rental application records].) 24 The state likewise has an interest in ensuring that undue burdens are not imposed on the class action device in discrimination cases. (See Keating v. Superior Court (1982) 31 Cal.3d 584, 609, 183 Cal.Rptr. 360, 645 P.2d 1192 [Supreme Court has “repeatedly emphasized the importance of the class action device for vindicating rights asserted by large groups of persons”].) 25

        Second, it appears the trial court's analysis may also have been skewed by the sheer number of persons who objected to the disclosure of their personal data. However, the number of objectors has no apparent relevance to the balancing process. While 7,700 people objected, at least four times that number of people did not object. And, if a privacy invasion is indeed serious, we cannot see how it may be rendered more-or less-serious based on the mere number of persons subjected to the privacy invasion. (See Puerto, supra, 158 Cal.App.4th at p. 1255, 70 Cal.Rptr.3d 701[“[i]t appears that the large number of witnesses identified by [defendant], rather than the actual significance of the privacy invasion with respect to each witness, may have impacted the [trial] court's analysis”; court of appeal saw “no manner in which the mere numerosity of witnesses alters the underlying analysis of the seriousness of the intrusion on the witnesses' privacy rights”].) 26

        Third, it is not clear how much weight the court gave to identity theft, but it mentioned the state's interest in protecting its citizens from fraud and identity theft, while failing to mention the state's interest in preventing invidious discrimination. Certainly many of the objectors mentioned identity theft as a concern, and real parties assert-without citation of authority-that the danger of identity theft “increases exponentially” when information is “assembled in one location.” Nonetheless, we do not think the theoretical possibility of identity theft is entitled to any significant weight when a court is balancing privacy interests against the interests of civil litigants in pursuing discrimination claims. Identity theft is theoretically possible in scores of ways from scores of sources in our daily lives. There is nothing to suggest that this litigation presents an opportunity for identity theft any greater than exists in all civil litigation, and in all aspects of ordinary life in the information age. To suggest that litigation of civil rights or any other matters should not proceed because of a remote and undifferentiated possibility that private information may be stolen is simply not an acceptable solution to general concerns about identity theft.

        Fourth, the trial court appeared to give no weight at all to the admittedly “strong protective order already in place to protect the information sought,” observing that “no protective order can assure that all produced information will remain outside the public domain.” The latter observation is unquestionably true; no guarantee can be made that information will not be leaked or stolen. But a guarantee “that all produced information will remain outside the public domain” is not and cannot be the standard for assessing a protective order; if it were, the production of private information would never be compelled. The court's failure to address the significance of a strong protective order in reducing privacy concerns, and to articulate why the order in this case did not suffice with respect to any of the information requests, again disregards the teaching of Pioneer: “ ‘[I]f intrusion is limited and confidential information is carefully shielded from disclosure except to those who have a legitimate need to know, privacy concerns are assuaged.’ ” ( Pioneer, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 371, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198.)

d. Other considerations urged by real parties.

        The employers and talent agencies argue that, if this court permits access to the requested data, we must “be prepared to allow the production of all of it,” including income, health and disability status information. Otherwise, they say, their “due process right to all information relevant to such persons' qualifications, interest and availability” will be violated. But that is not a question presented by this writ petition, and the record in this case provides no basis for an answer in any event. Real parties did not move to overrule objections to disclosure of medical and financial information, and have no basis for requesting production of additional data in this forum. And no due process rights are implicated in any event; the employers and talent agencies will have ample opportunity in the trial court to assert that any statistical analysis the writers present is defective, whether because of the absence of medical or financial data or for any other reason.

DISPOSITION

        The writ petition is granted. Let a peremptory writ of mandate issue directing the trial court to vacate its orders of September 19, 2007, and November 16, 2007, denying the writers' motion to overrule objections and denying their motion for reconsideration, and to enter a new and different order granting the writers access to the requested information to the extent consistent with the views expressed in this opinion. Costs are awarded to the petitioners.

        I concur: CHAVEZ, J. *

        BIGELOW, J., Dissenting:

        I respectfully dissent.

        The current petition for writ of mandate is limited to the discoverability of the nonparty objectors' private information. The objectors are, as the trial court noted, “7,700 [out of 47,000 notified who] ... do not ask for, or want, any part of this lawsuit. They merely want to be left alone.”

        It is not disputed that the objectors have a legally protected privacy interest in the categories of information sought. Moreover, the invasion into private information sought here is from persons who are not plaintiffs in the lawsuit which must be given appropriate consideration. In this context, the California Supreme Court has noted that nonlitigants should be afforded more protection than litigants from discovery of private information. ( Britt v. Superior Court (1978) 20 Cal.3d 844, 858-859, 143 Cal.Rptr. 695, 574 P.2d 766 ( Britt ).) In Britt, the California Supreme Court determined that a discovery order requiring extensive disclosure about persons' activities in political associations was overbroad. The court indicated that insofar as the challenged order “directly impinge[d] on the constitutional rights of numerous individuals who have taken no action whatsoever with respect to the underlying lawsuit ...” it was “unquestionably overbroad as it applied to such nonlitigants.” ( Id. at p. 858, 143 Cal.Rptr. 695, 574 P.2d 766.)

        Where the actual plaintiffs were concerned, on the other hand, the court determined there was an implicit partial waiver of constitutional associational privacy such that the party seeking disclosure must make a showing that the evidence sought is “directly relevant” to a claim or defense, and “essential to the fair resolution” of the lawsuit “to assure maximum protection of the constitutional interests at stake.” ( Id at p. 859, 143 Cal.Rptr. 695, 574 P.2d 766.)

        While the court fell short of announcing a more stringent test for discovery from nonlitigants, it certainly signaled there was a heightened concern in the constitutional protection afforded them. The point is even more important here because the nonlitigants have here specifically cried foul with respect to the release of their personal information. But even setting aside this issue, I believe the trial court ruled appropriately here.

        The trial court is vested with discretion in determining whether confidential information may be divulged. ( Pioneer Electronics (USA), Inc. v. Superior Court (2007) 40 Cal.4th 360, 371, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198.) As such, the ruling must be upheld in the “ ‘absence of arbitrary determination, capricious disposition or whimsical thinking.’ ” ( In re Cortez (1971) 6 Cal.3d 78, 85, 98 Cal.Rptr. 307, 490 P.2d 819.) Abuse of discretion is not shown by simply arguing a different ruling would have been better. Discretion is abused only when, “ ‘in its exercise,’ ” the trial court “ ‘exceeds the bounds of reason, all of the circumstances before it being considered.’ ” ( Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557, 566, 86 Cal.Rptr. 65, 468 P.2d 193.) “Under this standard, the superior court's determination will be set aside only when it has been demonstrated that there was no legal justification for the order denying the discovery requested.” ( Ochoa v. Fordel, Inc. (2007) 146 Cal.App.4th 898, 912, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 277; Tien v. Superior Court (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 528, 535, 43 Cal.Rptr.3d 121.) In my view, exclusion of the 7,700 objectors from the statistical analysis pool of 47,000 was not an abuse of discretion.

        Petitioners did not demonstrate that the information from the 7,700 objectors was essential to a fair resolution of the lawsuit; the trial court found the remaining persons who do not object to release of the information form a sufficient pool to proceed with a statistical analysis. 1 Petitioner's own expert, Janice Fanning Madden, declared only that there is a potential for “selection bias” if the objectors are removed from the analysis. 2 She stated that “[t]he potential for selection bias as a result of excluding the objecting writers is difficult to evaluate empirically. ...” Madden concluded that ... “omission of data from those who object (a) would definitely lead to fewer observations and decisions in the data set, leading to less accurate and precise results; and (b) may lead to selection bias and erroneous results. In addition, any effort to determine whether exclusion of the data on objectors would lead to selection bias would be expensive, time-consuming, and involve the same types of analyses as required for the analyses of hiring and other employment outcomes.” (Emphasis added.) In other words, because there will be a smaller number of writers to use in the statistical analysis, one might speculate inaccuracies will result, but in Madden's view it is simply too difficult and expensive to determine if the speculation is correct. Given Madden's speculative assertions, it was not an abuse of discretion to find petitioners did not demonstrate a compelling need for discovery from the objectors.

        I also disagree with the majority that the trial court abused its discretion in its application of the balancing test. The trial court specifically found that “the objector's privacy rights outweigh the public interest in pursuing this litigation.” It found that “[w]hen weighing the articulated privacy concerns against the possibility that the information could be useful, the decision is clear.” In so stating, the court articulated the appropriate balancing test to determine whether the information should be disclosed. (See Hill v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1, 37, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633.)

        The factors to be considered in the balance include, “ ‘the purpose of the information sought, the effect that disclosure will have on the parties and on the trial, the nature of the objections urged by the party resisting disclosure, and the ability of the court to make an alternative order which may grant partial disclosure, disclosure in another form, or disclosure only in the event that the party seeking the information undertakes certain specified burdens which appear just under the circumstances.’ ( Greyhound Corp. v. Superior Court (1961) 56 Cal.2d 355, 382, 15 Cal.Rptr. 90, 364 P.2d 266.) Where it is possible to do so, ‘... the courts should impose partial limitations rather than outright denial of discovery.’ ( Id., at p. 383, 15 Cal.Rptr. 90, 364 P.2d 266.)”

        ( Valley Bank of Nevada v. Superior Court (1975) 15 Cal.3d 652, 658, 125 Cal.Rptr. 553, 542 P.2d 977.) Discovery is not to be ordered if the information is available from other sources or by less intrusive means. ( Allen v. Superior Court (1984) 151 Cal.App.3d 447, 453, 198 Cal.Rptr. 737.) Review of this ruling is also subject to the abuse of discretion test. ( Pioneer Electronics (USA), Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 371, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 513, 150 P.3d 198.)

        The trial court's typewritten, three-page ruling set forth a number of factors underlying its conclusion, including: that the objectors are not a part of the lawsuit and do not want to be; that there were other avenues available to plaintiffs to get this information; that the categories of information sought would identify the objectors by name, date of birth, address and social security number, raising concerns of identity theft; that although there was a strong protective order in place the plaintiff's attorneys admitted they cannot ensure that the information would remain outside the public domain; that follow up investigation into the information could result in third parties appearing to align themselves with the plaintiffs; and that release of the information could affect the objectors viability in the media marketplace. The ruling represents a reasoned analysis of those factors. 3

        Requiring partial disclosure of certain categories of data sought, as does the majority, is an alternative to be considered in the balancing test. ( Valley Bank of Nevada v. Superior Court, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 658, 125 Cal.Rptr. 553, 542 P.2d 977.) But it was not necessary here, where the information was not required to be turned over in the first instance in the absence of a compelling need and where the information was available to them from the remaining pool who does not object to disclosure. There is no question there is a significant state interest in preventing invidious discrimination, as the majority states. But under these facts, and in light of the information available to plaintiffs from the non objectors, the trial court could reasonably conclude the right to privacy asserted by the 7,700 nonparty objectors outweighs the plaintiff's need for their confidential information. I find nothing arbitrary or capricious about the trial court's ruling. I would deny the writ petition.
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Notes:

        * George, C.J., and Corrigan, J., did not participate therein. Baxter, J., is of the opinion that the petition should be granted.

        1 The writers' complaints against the employers define the proposed class as all members of the Writers Guild of America who were at least 40 years of age and claim to have been aggrieved by ageist hiring practices. The class definition in the suits against the talent agencies is likewise based on Writers Guild membership.

        2 Approximately 7,300 of the notices were returned as undeliverable. Sixty-eight percent of the objectors objected to disclosure of all information; the remainder identified specific categories of information to which they opposed disclosure, with “medical/disability records” and “financial earnings records” receiving the most objections.

        3 Three requests for judicial notice have been filed. First, when their preliminary opposition to the writers' writ petition was filed, some of the real parties requested judicial notice of three documents in the record of the proceedings pending before Judge Elias and Judge Mohr. (These were the writers' May 1, 2006 opposition to an agency's motion relating to the then-proposed privacy notice; the writers' September 18, 2007 motion for clarification of an order of Judge Mohr's and accompanying documents; and the writers' supplemental brief of November 9, 2007 and accompanying documents filed in Judge Mohr's case.) Second, when they filed their return, the same real parties requested judicial notice of four newspaper articles about stolen personal data, improperly accessed medical records, and the like, as well as of the transcript of a March 21, 2008 status conference held before Judge Elias in the cases pending before her (now including those that are the subject of this writ petition). Third, in connection with their reply to the returns, the writers requested judicial notice of a publication of the Social Security Administration relating to identity theft. We grant the requests for judicial notice of the transcript and records on file in the proceedings before Judge Mohr and Judge Elias (but not of the truth of any hearsay allegations in those records); the requests for judicial notice of newspaper articles and the Social Security Administration publication are denied.

        4 Real parties concede that the reconsideration motion sought “significantly less private information” and likewise that the information sought in this writ petition is a “far more limited dataset.”

        5 Real parties contend this court should deny the writ petition as “procedurally improper” because it asks this court to rule on an issue never presented to the trial court. But clearly the writers did present the issue to the trial court in their motion for reconsideration, which sought exactly the same information as is now sought in their writ petition. The trial court failed to distinguish among the different types of information in its initial decision, and we see nothing procedurally improper about seeking reconsideration of the ruling based on specified, and more limited, information requests.

        6 Cf. Hill, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 34, 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 834, 865 P.2d 633 [where “the case involves an obvious invasion of an interest fundamental to personal autonomy, ... a ‘compelling interest’ must be present to overcome the vital privacy interest,” but if “the privacy interest is less central, or in bona fide dispute, general balancing tests are employed”].

        7 We take issue with our dissenting colleague's view that we should focus on the information requested in the writers' original motion to the trial court, rather than on the more limited subset of information requested in their motion for reconsideration of the trial court's ruling. (Dis. opn., fn.3.) The dissent notes that our order to show cause referred only to the trial court's initial order, and not to its order denying reconsideration, and that we should not address “what happened after the issuance of the order to show cause.” ( Ibid.) But we are not addressing anything that happened after we issued the OSC. On the contrary, we are addressing exactly and only what the writers sought in their writ petition, which they filed immediately after the trial court denied their motion for reconsideration: demographic and work history information. That is the very same information the writers sought when they asked the trial court to reconsider its ruling as to those specific categories of information.

        8 The writers seek the following information concerning Writers Guild members:
(1) Demographic information, including (a) name, (b) date of birth, (c) date of death (if applicable), (d) gender, (e) race, and (f) residential zip code; (2) Work history information, including (a) employer, (b) production, (c) credits, (d) job title, (e) period of time of employment, (f) part-time or full-time status, (g) awards, (h) talent agency representative, and (i) period of time of representation; (3) Writers Guild membership status (whether “lifetime” or member based on recent employment); (4) A unique identifier for each writer, to link the data from databases of the multiple subpoenaed entities; and (5) Two types of anecdotal information designed to discover instances in which age bias may have affected employment or representation decisions, consisting of (a) documents containing words or phrases that might indicate that age was a consideration in hiring decisions; and (b) documents consisting of or containing lists of or references to preferred writers.

        9 These practices are the refusal to accept script submissions except through agents; use of word of mouth and nepotistic hiring practices including the preselection of younger writers; and the failure to use defined criteria to uniformly evaluate the ability of an applicant to write for a particular show or project. ( Alch, supra, 122 Cal.App.4th at p. 354, 19 Cal.Rptr.3d 29.)

        10 In Wards Cove Packing Co., Inc. v. Atonio (1989) 490 U.S. 642, 650-651, 109 S.Ct. 2115, 104 L.Ed.2d 733, a race discrimination case, the high court observed that a comparison between the racial composition of qualified persons in the labor market and the persons holding at-issue jobs “generally forms the proper basis for the initial inquiry in a disparate-impact case,” but that, “in cases where such labor market statistics will be difficult if not impossible to ascertain, we have recognized that certain other statistics-such as measures indicating the racial composition of ‘otherwise-qualified applicants' for at-issue jobs-are equally probative for this purpose.” The parties refer to these alternatives as “proxy pools.”

        11 The employers and agencies complain the writers produced no evidence “regarding what fields of data the [Writers Guild entities and payroll companies] maintain, for how long, from what source, and to what degree of reliability. There is no evidence to suggest that the different databases maintained by these disparate bodies can be harvested and linked, or that even if linked, what percentage of ‘qualified, interested, and available’ writers they would represent. There is finally no evidence regarding what measures might be taken to address the under and overinclusiveness problems identified to date-either at the source or through some type of subsequent refinement.”

        12 The writers argued to the trial court, for example, that objections from non-television writers could be remedied by excluding, through a neutral expert, the data on writers who have worked exclusively on feature films, and they argued in their preliminary reply in this court that multiple proxy pools, depending on the evidence, might be used to refine the data.

        13 Real parties say that the writers should have conducted additional discovery from the subpoenaed parties to determine what categories of data they possessed and whether those categories would provide sufficient information to create a viable proxy pool. But Madden stated that she needed both the data and employer statements on hiring policies and practices, and under the case management order, no depositions have yet been permitted of real parties or their executives. So the claim that additional discovery from subpoenaed parties should have been conducted, and would have shown whether a viable proxy pool could be created, is without merit.

        14 The dissent says the trial court found that the remaining persons in the 47,000-person pool who do not object to release of their information “form a sufficient pool to proceed with a statistical analysis.” (Dis. opn., pg. 495.) We see no such finding in the ruling of the trial court (other than the erroneous statement that the writers had suggested as much in their brief); indeed, the trial court questioned, but made no finding on, the probative value and usefulness of the desired information from the pool as a whole. Nor can we accept the characterization of expert Madden's declaration on the potential for selection bias and erroneous results without the data from the objectors as “speculation.” Of course one cannot know definitively, without actually analyzing all the data, whether selection bias has occurred, but (as Madden said in her subsequent declaration) it “is likely,” and if it has occurred, the remaining data will yield biased results.

        15 The nature of the objections of the approximately 75 persons who submitted written objections to the trial court showed a range of concerns. Some objected across the board, without identifying particular concerns. Some identified access to employment contracts and the possibility of injury to future earnings from public dissemination of confidential information to potential future employers. Some were concerned about the revelation of concepts and strategies regarding their intellectual property. Some identified health, income, financial, medical and pension information. Many said the information was irrelevant because they were not television writers. Some mentioned identity theft. Some said they did not wish to be a part of the lawsuits. Some identified the ease of computer hacking and leaks of the information. Some mentioned demographic information, one mentioned career history, and one mentioned that cooperation would put her in the position of opposing her employer. Except for the last, and those mentioning leaks, identity theft, and possible injury from dissemination of categories of information no longer at issue, no particular consequences to the objectors of the disclosure of different categories of information were identified. (See Schnabel, supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 714, 21 Cal.Rptr.2d 200, 854 P.2d 1117 [court should consider “any specific harm that disclosure of the information might cause”].)

        16 The writers say they were able to obtain much of the requested demographic and work history data, for seven well-known objectors, by using information available on the internet, but at a time investment of one hour per objector. The employers and agencies point out this is not so of the “vast majority” of objectors who are “veritable unknowns,” and submitted a declaration that internet searches for two objectors did not reveal any writing credits. However that may be, the work history information about screenwriters seems to us to be considerably less sensitive given the nature of the industry in which they make their livings.

        17 The same is true of Writers Guild membership status. (The writers explain that the Writers Guild has four classes of membership, and the “current member” class includes both lifetime members and members based on recent employment; the member's class may be related to his or her qualification for or interest in a position and may need to be taken into account in any statistical analysis.)

        18 The trial court, without identifying any particular data categories, expressed its general concern that, if it allowed access to information over objections, “both sides may want to investigate further as to why these individuals are or are not selling television scripts. This could include talking to the individuals, their colleagues, those who represent them, those who hired them and those who have rejected them. An inevitable result is that they could potentially be seen as cooperating with or aligning themselves with the plaintiffs against the defendants. And, of course, the defendants are their actual or potential agents and their past or future employers. This, it is feared, could affect their viability in the marketplace.” First, because the trial court did not segregate categories of data, we cannot tell what data items generated the trial court's concern. However, we note again that assessments of performance and income records-items of unquestionable sensitivity, and which might well have potential consequences if known in the marketplace-are not being sought. Second, on a more general level, we cannot condone a decision based on a concern that defendants will retaliate against individuals who are “seen as cooperating with or aligning themselves with the plaintiffs against the defendants.” Laws against discrimination, and the courts, exist to prevent and remedy such conduct.

        19 The Wolf objectors “strenuously object to the party litigants' efforts to violate their Constitutional rights by seeking their highly confidential, personal and private information and trade secrets, including without limitation their financial information (income, earnings, compensations, quotes, etc.); employment contracts, offers, counter-offers, negotiation quotes; non-public scripts and pitch materials, evaluation of scripts and treatments; and medical and health information (relating to treatment, payment, insurance, etc.), disability and pension information (collectively, the ‘Private Information’).”

        20 One of the objectors observed that the writers could obtain much of the information they seek “including date of birth, place of birth, date of death (if applicable), work history, credits and awards information ... on-line at the Internet Movie Database (www. imdb. com) or other public sources.”

        21 Amici curiae on behalf of real parties argue that race and gender information should not be disclosed, because those factors are irrelevant to age discrimination claims, and courts routinely limit discovery to characteristics that relate to the type of discrimination alleged. In some instances, however, information on another factor “is relevant to making comparisons and statistical analyses.” ( Zahorik v. Cornell University (N.D.N.Y.1983) 98 F.R.D. 27, 31.) In this case, Writers Guild reports showed that minority and female writers were more likely to be employed as writers on programs oriented toward those respective audiences, and expert Madden explained that controlling for those factors would yield a more accurate measure of the relationship between age and employment.

        22 In their motion to overrule the objections, the writers stated that they “may choose to petition for limited relief” from an agreement not to seek social security numbers; this was with respect to possible future efforts to fill in age information reportedly missing from one Writers Guild database for 9% of its members. That, however, is a possible issue for future determination; it has no bearing on the categories of data that were the subject of the trial court's decision.

        23 “Statistics alone may be used to establish a prima facie pattern-or-practice case where a gross, statistically significant, disparity exists. Most courts, however, have indicated that more than statistical evidence is necessary to satisfy the plaintiff's ultimate burden of proving intentional discrimination.” (1 Lindemann & Grossman, Employment Discrimination Law, supra, p. 45 [footnotes omitted].)

        24 Real parties suggest that the state's interests in seeking truth in litigation and in redressing wrongs against its citizens is “substantially weakened” when a significant number of potential class members have said they would prefer not to disclose their personal information rather than to continue this litigation. No authority supports this proposition, and indeed at this stage no one knows how many objectors are potential class members. (Cf. Olympic Club v. Superior Court (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 358, 363-364, 282 Cal.Rptr. 1 [“individual victims may well be reluctant to become involved in [discrimination] actions for reasons that spring from the very practice of discrimination”].)

        25 Keating v. Superior Court, supra, 31 Cal.3d 584, 183 Cal.Rptr. 360, 645 P.2d 1192, was reversed in part on other grounds in Southland Corp. v. Keating (1984) 465 U.S. 1, 104 S.Ct. 852, 79 L.Ed.2d 1.

        26 The trial court observed that the “over 7,700 objectors do not ask for, or want, any part of this lawsuit. They merely want to be left alone.” But, as amici on behalf of the writers suggest, this rationale, without more, is less than persuasive. For example, potential witnesses in civil litigation do not have the option of declining to respond to a subpoena simply because they want to be left alone or do not agree with the objectives of the litigation. Thus the mere fact that 7,700 people want to be left alone cannot substitute for a specific evaluation of the nature of their privacy concerns and the writers' competing interest in litigating their discrimination claims.

        * Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, Division Two, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

        1 The trial court specifically ruled, “[The writers] still have other avenues of proof open to them without information from [the] objectors. In fact, in their brief, plaintiffs have stated that they may still be able to put together a meaningful statistical study based upon information from non-objectors.”

        2 She defines selections bias as “the errors introduced into a statistical study due to the way that the data are collected.” She states selection bias might produce an “unrepresentative sample,” which could lead to an erroneous conclusion.

        3 The trial court did not change this ruling after reconsideration was requested. I point this out only because the majority believes the focus of our review should be on a more limited subset of information than that requested in the original motion to modify the protective order. I believe our focus should not be changed to what was before the trial court on the subsequent motion for reconsideration or the further limited subset of confidential information petitioners request us to consider for the first time now. When the Order to Show Cause was issued by this court on February 19, 2008, it directed the court to either “vacate [its] order of September 19, 2007 [the date of the ruling on the original motion to modify the protective order], ... and to thereafter enter a new and different order granting the motion in whole or in part, ... or show cause before this court why a preemptory writ of mandate should not be issued.” Our order made reference to the trial court's initial denial of the motion to modify only. The motion for Clarification and/or Reconsideration was not ruled on until November 16, 2007, and the OSC made no reference to it.

In California-Hawaii Development, Inc. v. Superior Court (1980) 102 Cal.App.3d 293, 300, 162 Cal.Rptr. 365, the court refused to address the merits of a motion for summary judgment because the alternative writ issued by the court was limited to a review of an expungement order. I would not address what happened after the issuance of the OSC, as I believe our jurisdiction is fixed by the alternative writ.